The opposite of kalon , aischron , means both shameful and ugly; it will be translated similarly either by the conjunction of the two terms or as context demands by one or the other. Aristotle discusses the difference between the two terms in The Parts of Animals , which might be translated more accurately as The Proper Parts of Animals. Of the approximately occurrences of the term in Aristotle, some 80 are in On Poetics. Sophron wrote male and female mimes.
It also means law or custom. It is an important term in On Poetics and will be translated throughout by "of stature. It will be translated throughout by "inferior. Aristotle seems to be bringing out the curious fact that, if one disregards exits and entrances, despite being an "imitation of action," tragedy contains no action in the literal sense. The definition thus refers to the plot as an action. See, for example, Metaphysics 9.
It can also mean "to exert oneself over" or "to have something done in return to one"; etymologically it might be construed as "antipoetize. The Megarians are ridiculed in comedy, since they also claim that comedy was first discovered by them, inasmuch as the one who started comedy was Susarion the Megarian. They are disparaged as vulgar and tasteless and for using purple in the parodos. Aristophanes, at any rate, in mocking them, says somewhere, 'No stolen joke from Megara. All of the wise, with the exception of Parmenides, occur about this, Protagoras, Heraclitus, and Empedocles, and of the poets, those who are tip-top in each kind of poetry, Epicharmus of comedy, and Homer, of tragedy.
On his arrival in Syracuse, he abstained from philosophizing openly on account of the tyranny of Hiero, but he put into meter the thoughts of the Pythagoreans, making known their secret doctrines playfully.
This passage is the only evidence we have that it is of Doric origin. See Appendix 1f. Many believe that its definition dropped out after "through song" below. Kosmos means "order" or "the order" -- i. It may also mean "adornment. This change solves the puzzle of the strangely repetitive character of the text from b6 to a3 and also avoids a men solitarium at d3. In addition it has interesting consequences for the way the argument builds toward the primacy of story among the proper parts of tragedy.
Muthos originally means "word," "speech," or "something said. In On Poetics , Aristotle gives it the more technical meaning of "plot," while at the same time he diminishes the role of the divine in tragedy almost to the point of its disappearance.
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Contact Us Customer Service. Trade Contacts. Working at Bloomsbury Current Opportunities. Working at Bloomsbury. Maas Sarah J. Maas Books. Fascinated by the intellectual challenge of forming categories and organizing them into coherent systems, Aristotle approaches literary texts as a natural scientist, carefully accounting for the features of each "species" of text. Rather than concluding that poets should be banished from the perfect society, as does Plato, Aristotle attempts to describe the social function, and the ethical utility, of art.
One of the most difficult concepts introduced in the Poetics is catharsis , a word which has come into everyday language even though scholars are still debating its actual meaning in Aristotle's text. Catharsis is most often defined as the "purging" of the emotions of pity and fear that occurs when we watch a tragedy.
What is actually involved in this purging is not clear. It is not as simple as getting an object lesson in how to behave; the tragic event does not "teach us a lesson" as do certain public-information campaigns on drunk driving or drug abuse. He defines poetry as the mimetic, or imitative, use of language, rhythm, and harmony, separately or in combination. Poetry is mimetic in that it creates a representation of objects and events in the world, unlike philosophy, for example, which presents ideas.
Humans are naturally drawn to imitation, and so poetry has a strong pull on us. It can also be an excellent learning device, since we can coolly observe imitations of things like dead bodies and disgusting animals when the real thing would disturb us. Aristotle identifies tragedy as the most refined version of poetry dealing with lofty matters and comedy as the most refined version of poetry dealing with base matters.
He traces a brief and speculative history of tragedy as it evolved from dithyrambic hymns in praise of the god Dionysus. Dithyrambs were sung by a large choir, sometimes featuring a narrator. Aeschylus invented tragedy by bringing a second actor into dialogue with the narrator.
Sophocles innovated further by introducing a third actor, and gradually tragedy shifted to its contemporary dramatic form.
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